Alcohol consumption in Germany, health and social consequences and derivation of recommendations for action

Peer review procedure / Manuscript submitted: 15.4.2024. Position statements in the Ernahrungs Umschau, as in many other journals, are not subject to the peer review process because position statements have already been evaluated, discussed and widely agreed upon by experts (peers).

Position statement of the German Nutrition Society (DGE)

Introduction and objectives

Consumption of alcoholic beverages is a leading risk factor for a wide range of diseases and premature death. At the same time, it is part of many cultural, religious and social practices worldwide [1–3]. The psychoactive and harmful effects of alcoholic beverages are largely attributed to the ethanol they contain (• Box 1) or its breakdown products in the body, particularly acetaldehyde. In addition to ethanol, alcoholic beverages may also contain other alcohols such as methanol. Other compounds in alcoholic beverages, such as aflatoxins, formaldehyde and heavy metals, contribute only minimally to the adverse effects [1, 3, 4].

This DGE position statement refers only to alcohol from beverages in the form of ethanol and uses the terms ‘alcohol’ and ‘ethanol’ interchangeably. Amounts of alcohol in grams refer to pure alcohol, unless otherwise stated. ...

Abstract

Alcohol is a psychoactive substance that has been identified as a causal factor in more than 200 adverse health outcomes including diseases and accidents. However, the relationship between alcohol consumption and health is complex. There is evidence that alcohol consumption may reduce the risk of developing a few chronic diseases. This DGE position statement aims to provide recommendations for individual drinking behaviour regarding alcoholic beverages, taking into account the health effects of alcohol and other sustainability aspects. It also provides information on health policies that help to minimise harmful effects on the health of the population.
The findings indicate that no quantity of alcohol can be considered health-promoting and safe for consumption. Accordingly, the DGE recommends to avoid consuming alcoholic beverages. For individuals who consume alcoholic beverages, it is advisable to avoid excessive intake. This is particularly pertinent to young people. Children, adolescents, pregnant women and breastfeeding mothers should generally avoid consuming alcohol. In consideration of estimates of the amount of alcohol required to minimise the risk of adverse health consequences, the DGE also derives recommendations for action on alcohol consumption.
In Germany, further behavioural and population-based prevention efforts are needed to reduce alcohol consumption, related health and social problems, and alcohol-related mortality. The DGE position statement on alcohol replaces the reference value for alcohol intake previously published by the DGE.

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